tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-94195662024-03-18T23:22:36.043-04:00Sixth Circuit BlogA blog by federal public defenders and criminal defense lawyers practicing in the Sixth Circuit. Benton Martin, E.D. Mich.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11409004080789068485noreply@blogger.comBlogger793125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-48868084731349878352024-03-17T23:04:00.004-04:002024-03-17T23:04:46.683-04:00Coram No Deal: Sixth Circuit Denies Petition to Overturn Guilty Plea that Resulted in Denaturalization Proceedings<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ9coiUz7umCr3rvZiiZ0q9x9HQvsfUItl0UdVCwJsbwo8KvTDd2vVlGeRoK1G_LcmCOqBUkzsj75bnaunrOZgNBnus8ZSAzftrGmnCQ14wUcGYRSUwn-d3IbdNG47kDdXWWqqueYO4row7SN0PsXUBzZG3FQY_9yXo9JAsmiMuk4qLXWD_qdZ4A/s936/no-deal-rubber-stamp-vector-17187072.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="936" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ9coiUz7umCr3rvZiiZ0q9x9HQvsfUItl0UdVCwJsbwo8KvTDd2vVlGeRoK1G_LcmCOqBUkzsj75bnaunrOZgNBnus8ZSAzftrGmnCQ14wUcGYRSUwn-d3IbdNG47kDdXWWqqueYO4row7SN0PsXUBzZG3FQY_9yXo9JAsmiMuk4qLXWD_qdZ4A/s320/no-deal-rubber-stamp-vector-17187072.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Must a district court confirm a defendant understands his or her guilty plea could lead to the cancellation of their citizenship? In <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0054p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Singh</a></i>, the Sixth Circuit answered "no."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Karnail Singh fraudulently obtained residency in the United States, and, using the same false information, he obtained a United States passport. A federal grand jury subsequently indicted him for using a fraudulent procured passport and for making false statements to immigration officials. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pursuant to a written plea agreement, Singh pleaded guilty to the fraudulently procured passport charge in exchange for the Government's agreement to dismiss the false statement count and a lower sentencing range. In his plea agreement, he agreed that while guilty plea would "not necessarily result in immigration consequences" it could affect his removability "in conjunction with possible future criminal charges." During his rearraignment, Singh confirmed he pleaded guilty despite any potential immigration consequences, and the District court informed him his plea could result in the cancellation of his citizenship.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">After the Government began proceedings to revoke Singh's citizenship, he petitioned the District Court for a writ of <i>coram</i> <i>nobis</i>, asking it to set aside his conviction. The District Court subsequently denied his petition, and Singh appealed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">According to the Court, Singh's petition suffered from a fatal flaw: the District Court did not commit a fundamental error in accepting his guilty plea. Since immigration consequences are collateral, and not direct, consequences of a guilty plea, the Court concluded Singh knowingly and voluntarily pleaded guilty, whether or not he understood it would lead to the Government denaturalizing him. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Singh also argued his written plea agreement led him to reasonably believe his guilty plea would only affect his citizenship if he committed another crime, and that the District Court violated Rule 11 by not correcting his misunderstanding. The Court disagreed, noting Rule 11 only required a "generic warning" regarding a guilty plea's immigration consequences. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court next rejected Singh's claim he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel allegedly did not explain the impact his guilty plea would have on his citizenship. Finding that the District Court adequately warned him about the potential immigration consequences posed by his guilty plea, it found Singh had not demonstrated a "reasonably probability" that but for his counsel's error, he would have rejected the plea agreement and either gone to trial or negotiated a different plea agreement. Finding no error, the Court affirmed the District Court's order denying his petition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-1382035681623790302024-03-16T14:06:00.002-04:002024-03-16T14:06:51.990-04:00The Sixth Circuit Again Reminds Us that Supervised Release Revocation Proceedings are Different.<p style="text-align: justify;">Those who have participated in supervised release revocation proceedings know they operate under different rules. For example, a district court can conclude criminal conduct occurred under a lesser evidentiary standard than what it would have to otherwise apply. The Sixth Circuit recently reminded us of this in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0052p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Jaimez</a></i>. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Timothy Jaimez initially pleaded guilty to conspiring to possess narcotics with the intent to distribute them. After a previous revocation, police arrested him for transporting marijuana with co-felons from his original conviction. An Ohio court subsequently found him guilty of attempting to traffic marijuana, a misdemeanor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Citing his Ohio conviction, the District Court found Jaimez violated his supervised release by: (1) being charged with a new crime; (2) associating with known felons; and (3) possessing drug paraphernalia. Over his objection, the District Court sentenced him to sixty months' incarceration based on a "Grade A" violation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court first found Jaimez's sentence procedurally reasonable, noting the District Court properly considered the federal sentencing factors, including the seriousness of his offense, promotion of respect for the law, and the provision of just punishment -- factors it was not required to consider pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). Finally, it held the District Court properly sentenced him for a "Grade A" violation, even though an Ohio court only found him guilty of a misdemeanor offense, noting it could have reasonably concluded, under a preponderance of the evidence standard, that Jaimez knowingly transported under a kilogram of marijuana aware it was intended for resale, which is punishable by over a year imprisonment in Ohio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court next rejected Jaimez's argument that his sentence was substantively unreasonable. It held the District Court did not place too much weight on his underlying conduct, noting such conduct demonstrated a "flagrant lack of" deterrence and respect for the law considering the similarity between it and his original offense. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jaimez also argued his sentence constituted "double punishment" for his Ohio offense. Not so, the Court said. It noted the longstanding rule that federal and state courts can punish defendants separately. Moreover, it held Jaimez's sentence was not, in fact, punishment for his Ohio conduct. Instead, it noted that revocation sentences are never punishment for the actual release violations; instead, they are punishment for the original offense and for breaching the court's trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court also rejected Jaimez's challenge to the length of his within-Guidelines sentence. First, noting that "every drug trafficker could have shipped more drugs," it rejected Jaimez's argument that a maximum sentence was not warranted because his underlying conduct could have been worse. It then concluded the District Court gave sufficient weight to Jaimez's "paper-thin" mitigating evidence. Finding it both procedurally and substantively reasonable, the Court affirmed his sentence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-32416060163244467542024-03-13T22:30:00.004-04:002024-03-13T22:30:55.561-04:00Watch Your Turn: Court Declines to Suppress Evidence Seized as a Result of Officers' Misreading of Turning Statute<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtQ3Vejce_vCKkrk5UgML6R05ETQbGWBpIYTQYgYzWRuOoFIByQNGtXEazmMFrOQBvXs6KaV7UN7D2VrRyXpSNOXc_wFZX3jB0y-lYBEdeXPb1I2QdZXiym40WBmPO6FUfD6JJ6pOCNrm9rJA9-G0U_EBAYq2_H8raTbE2o-YcVWOrUfwLb8v3g/s404/left%20turn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="402" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtQ3Vejce_vCKkrk5UgML6R05ETQbGWBpIYTQYgYzWRuOoFIByQNGtXEazmMFrOQBvXs6KaV7UN7D2VrRyXpSNOXc_wFZX3jB0y-lYBEdeXPb1I2QdZXiym40WBmPO6FUfD6JJ6pOCNrm9rJA9-G0U_EBAYq2_H8raTbE2o-YcVWOrUfwLb8v3g/w263-h265/left%20turn.jpg" width="263" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">On the morning of June 26, 2018, Herbert Marsh and his companions, Hakeem Mannie, and James Horton, robbed a pawn shop in Nashville, Tennessee. At the time, Horton was armed with a black pistol with an extended magazine. The three men ultimately stole eleven firearms and more than $8,000 in cash.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In response, the Nashville Police Department issued a "be on the lookout" report for a grey sedan. The next day, officers encountered Marsh, who was a passenger in a grey BMW sedan he owned. Believing it matched the description in the NPD's report, officers tailed the vehicle, waiting for it to commit a traffic violation. They believed their moment arrived when they witnessed the vehicle turn left into the outside lane of Rosa Parks Boulevard, which has two lanes of traffic traveling in each direction. Believing this violated Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-140(2), they stopped Marsh's vehicle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Upon stopping the vehicle, officers encountered the driver (Horton), Marsh, and two other individuals. They subsequently searched the vehicle and discovered marijuana and five firearms - four they identified as being stolen in the previous day's pawn shop robbery. One of the firearms, a Springfield XD .45 caliber, was the gun Horton brandished during the robbery. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">A federal grand jury subsequently indicted Marsh for seven offenses, including conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery. Marsh moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of his car, arguing the traffic stop was unlawful because he did not commit a traffic infraction in making a left turn on a green light. The District Court denied his motion, and Marsh proceeded to trial, where a jury convicted him of six of the seven charged listed in his Indictment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Prior to his sentencing, Marsh objected to three enhancements in his PSR, which increased his based offense level by 10: (a) (1) a § 2K2.1(b)(1)(B) enhancement because the offense involved between eight and twenty-four firearms; (2) a § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) enhancement because the offense involved stolen firearms; and (3) a § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement because he used or possessed a firearm in connection with another felony offense. Marsh argued these enhancements impermissibly double counted his conduct and improperly relied on acquitted conduct. The District Court disagreed and sentenced to 210 months' imprisonment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a published <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0051p-06.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a>, the Sixth Circuit affirmed Marsh's sentence and the District Court's order denying his motion to suppress. In challenging the denial of his suppression motion, the parties did not dispute that the officers mistakenly stopped Marsh's vehicle because they misunderstood Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-140(2). However, the Court held that the officers' reading of the statute was not objectively unreasonable, and that their decision to stop Marsh was therefore not unlawful.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In challenging his sentence, Marsh asserted the District Court engaged in impermissible double counting by applying a base offense level of 20 pursuant to USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B) because he was a convicted felon and the offense involved a semiautomatic firearm cable of accepting a large capacity magazine in addition to the two-level enhancement pursuant to § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for using or possessing "any firearm....in connection with another felony offense." The Court disagreed, holding that "distinct harms" triggered both enhancements -- USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B) stemming from the firearm's characteristics (a semiautomatic capable of accepting a large capacity magazine) and § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) stemming the firearm's use in furtherance of another felony offense. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court likewise held that the District Court did not impermissibly double count by applying the three firearms enhancements found in subsections (b)(1)(B), (b)(4)(A), and (b)(6)(B) of § 2K2.1 on top of his already enhanced base offense level. It held that subsection (b)(1)(b) applied because of the quantity of firearms involved, and it found that subsection (b)(4)(A) applied because the offense involved stolen firearms. The enhancements, the Court held, had distinct triggers from each other and from those that would trigger the base offense level set out in subsection (b)(6)(B). Finding no error, the Court affirmed both Marsh's conviction and sentence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In his concurring opinion, Judge Murphy noted he would also have affirmed the District Court's order overruling Marsh's suppression motion. He would have, however, found that the Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule applied because, in his opinion, the officers did not recklessly or intentionally misconstrue the statute at issue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-30496077820528619032024-03-12T23:09:00.000-04:002024-03-12T23:09:08.451-04:00Court Affirms Application of "Reckless Endangerment" Enhancement to Passenger<p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> In April 2021, Golson and three other individuals were involved in a shooting outside of a business in Elyria, Ohio. After the shooting, the individuals, including Golson, fled the scene and fled from law enforcement in their vehicle at a high rate of speed. Golson was a passenger in this vehicle. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While pursuing Golson and his cohorts, police purposely disabled the vehicle, causing it to crash. Three of the occupants remained in the vehicle, but Golson fled on foot. Officers subsequently searched the vehicle and discovered four firearms, one of which contained Golson's DNA. Officers arrested Golson, and a federal grand jury indicted him for being a felon in possession of a firearm. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Law enforcement again arrested Golson two months later in June 2021 after they responded to a new report of shots being fired in Elyria. As a result, a federal grand jury returned a superseding indictment containing an additional felon-in-possession count against Golson. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Golson entered into a non-binding Rule 11 plea agreement to both counts. In his PSR, the United States Probation Office recommended a two-level enhancement pursuant to USSG § 3C1.2 for "reckless endangerment during flight." In support of its recommendation, the USPO noted Golson drove the vehicle at a high rate of speed and left a firearm therein after he fled the scene. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Golson objected to the enhancement, arguing he was "running on foot from law enforcement" and that "at no time did he discharge a firearm." During sentencing, Golson, through counsel, argued the enhancement should not apply because there was no "potential risk of serious bodily harm" during his flight. He did not, however, cite to the fact he was only a passenger in the vehicle. The district court overruled his objection and sentenced Golson to 56
months’ imprisonment, three years of supervised release, and a $200 special assessment. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On appeal, Golson argued the District Court erroneously applied USSG § 3C1.2 because he was not the driver of the vehicle and did not facilitate the
chase. The Sixth Circuit disagreed and <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0049p-06.pdf" target="_blank">affirmed</a> his sentence. It first held that Golson did not properly preserve his objection<i> </i>that the enhancement should not apply because he was only a passenger in the vehicle. While it acknowledged Golson raised the issue during his allocution, it held this was insufficient to preserve it for appellate review, noting he should have raised it through his counsel. Since his counsel did not do so, he did not preserve it for appellate review.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Applying plain error review, the Court held the District Court properly applied USSG § 3C1.2 because it reasonably inferred from the undisputed facts contained in his PSR that Golson actively participated in fleeing from law enforcement. It noted the PSR established Golson was an active participant in a crime during "broad daylight" with many witnesses and thus found it was necessary for Golson to flee the scene. It also held it was proper for the District Court to infer he had a reason to flee due to his extensive criminal history. Finally, it held the District Court could infer from Golson's subsequent flight in June 2021 that he had a "pattern and history of flight after dangerous situations." It thus held the District Court did not plainly err in sentencing him.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p></p><p><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-16685395616510795802024-03-01T14:05:00.000-05:002024-03-01T14:05:13.128-05:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">District court sufficiently explained upward
variance of 19 months in vehicular homicide case.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0040p-06.pdf">United States v. Axline</a></span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/24a0040p-06.pdf">, --- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2024)</a> involves a vehicle accident in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park. One passenger in defendant Bryce Axline’s
car was killed and another suffered severe permanent injuries. At the time of
the crash, Mr. Axline was intoxicated and driving 90 miles an hour which was
twice the speed limit. He pleaded guilty to vehicular homicide and vehicular
assault in violation of Tennessee law and 18 U.S.C. §§ 7(3) and 13. The plea
agreement specified that he “would be ‘subject to a like punishment’ under the
penalties specified by Tennessee law.” Slip Opin. 2, n.2.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The guideline range was 37 to 46 months (total
offense level 21 and criminal history category I). Mr. Axline was sentenced to 65
months imprisonment and 3 years of supervised release. The Sixth Circuit
affirmed that sentence over Mr. Axline’s argument that it was substantively
unreasonable because the district court did not provide sufficiently compelling
reasons for a 19-month upward variance. The primary factors underlying the
Sixth Circuit’s decision were the severity of the offenses and Mr. Axline’s
criminal history.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Axline first argued that the district
court gave too much weight to the nature and seriousness of the offenses
because the involuntary manslaughter guideline (U.S.S.G. § 2A1.4(a)(2)) already
took the seriousness of vehicular homicide into account. The Sixth Circuit,
however, concluded that the guideline “does not necessarily contemplate the
lethal combination of Axline’s decision to drink underage </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">and</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> his
decision to fully accelerate his car at over 90 miles an hour on a winding
mountain road.” Slip Opin. 7 (emphasis original). Neither do the guidelines “necessarily
adequately account for the effect of [his] actions on multiple victims.” </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Id</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.
at 8. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that
Mr. Axline’s recklessness was outside the heartland of similar cases.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mr. Axline’s next argument was that the
district court overemphasized his criminal history by crediting misdemeanor
convictions and other conduct for which no criminal history points were given. He
maintained that the prior misdemeanor convictions were not similar to the
present offenses and his criminal history score already took into account any
repetitive or serious conduct.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The district court expressed concern that Mr.
Axline had been arrested or cited four different times between the ages of 18
and 19 for conduct involving drugs and/or alcohol. The court was particularly troubled
by Mr. Axline’s conviction for an offense involving the underage use of alcohol
only two months before the car crash. Moreover, Mr. Axline admitted daily use
of marijuana and regular consumption of alcohol.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Sixth Circuit acknowledged that “the link”
between Mr. Axline’s criminal history and the present offense “is weaker” than
cases in which an upward variance was affirmed primarily on the defendant’s
“pattern of criminal history.” Slip Opin. 10. Nevertheless, the district court
did not abuse its discretion in finding that Mr. Axline’s prior underage
substance abuse was sufficiently related to his present conviction, “because
the instant offense was likely caused—or, at the very least, exacerbated—by [his]
drinking” and he had been charged with an underage alcohol offense two months earlier.
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Id.</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Furthermore, criminal history was considered in conjunction with Mr.
Axline’s history and characteristics and was only one of the factors underlying
the upward variance. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lastly,
Mr. Axline raised the issue of an unwarranted sentencing disparity and cited Sentencing
Commission data to support his argument. The Sixth Circuit rejected the
argument and stated that where an upward variance is based on other § 3553(a)
factors, a district court “is not required to consider national sentencing
statistics, regardless of whether it enters a within-Guidelines sentence or one
that falls outside of the Guidelines range.” Slip Opin. 13 (citation omitted).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></span></p>Frank Hefthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08079407891220665026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-86829125410427397812023-12-29T01:17:00.001-05:002023-12-29T01:17:16.758-05:00Waiver or Invited Error? It Could be Both...or Either.<p> When does a defendant invite error or forfeit his or her argument on appeal? As the Court held in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0278p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Carter</a></i>, the defendant can sometimes do both - or either. </p><p>A grand jury indicted Kejuan Carter of three counts of distributing methamphetamine. Carter subsequently pleaded guilty to one count pursuant to a written plea agreement. In his sentencing memorandum, Carter made two arguments for a downward variance. He first made a policy argument, asserting the Guidelines' focus on drug quantity and purity improperly punished low-level offenders like him. Second, Carter argued his life experience and characteristics justified a downward variance.</p><p>During his sentencing hearing, Carter only made a "passing reference" to his policy argument, instead opting to focus on his life experience and characteristics. The district court likewise did not directly discuss Carter's policy argument and instead focused on his the relevant § 3553(a) factors and focused on Carter’s primary argument, his life experience and characteristics. It subsequently denied Carter's motion for a downward variance and sentenced him to 108 months' imprisonment - the lowest sentence recommended by the Sentencing Guidelines. </p><p>After announcing its sentence, the district court asked: “Pursuant to <i>United States v. Bostic</i>, is counsel satisfied that I’ve addressed on the record all non-frivolous arguments asserted?” Carter's counsel agreed and only raised one objection to his sentence -- one unrelated to his policy argument. Carter subsequently appealed. </p><p>On appeal, Carter argued the Court did not adequately address his policy argument. The Court, however, held it did not need to reach this question either because he forfeited the argument or invited the alleged error. In reaching this conclusion, the Court focused on the district court's <i>Bostic </i>inquiry. It acknowledged that although the district court's initial <i>Bostic</i> question was "somewhat out of place" because it narrowly addressed a a single issue -- whether counsel was satisfied it had addressed all non-frivolous arguments -- instead of the more general inquiry, Carter either waived his argument or invited error because his counsel specifically conceded the district court's inquiry. More specifically, the Court held that because Carter specifically agreed that the district court had addressed all non-frivolous arguments asserted, he either waived his right to complain on appeal that the Court had not done so, or he "invited the alleged error by encouraging the court to believe" that it did not need to say any more. </p><p>In his concurring opinion, Judge Gilman asserted the government itself waived any waiver or invited error arguments by not arguing the same on appeal. Nevertheless, it held the district court did not commit plain error in sentencing him -- something the Government actually argued on appeal. </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-34927318088996695642023-11-18T16:38:00.002-05:002023-11-18T16:38:57.779-05:00Officer saying "Let me see it" held to be request, not command<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKE0UFpAePLdYAhtSzqMdlqSbYtoBNXcxfzG3lKN_VeLhjPhpjoikH-Km94jDb2lz7z7RVn7khrCcgEecr0MGCIQclzFNagk8F5tJFC4EZFXOiJlZ4PptSBzWKEJJrKIRWfyZZfFWEQg9s7hCsK5mn9J2utWRR827fFCW4Mu936M5Sp8b9pg/s1316/Screenshot_20231118-163735_starryai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKE0UFpAePLdYAhtSzqMdlqSbYtoBNXcxfzG3lKN_VeLhjPhpjoikH-Km94jDb2lz7z7RVn7khrCcgEecr0MGCIQclzFNagk8F5tJFC4EZFXOiJlZ4PptSBzWKEJJrKIRWfyZZfFWEQg9s7hCsK5mn9J2utWRR827fFCW4Mu936M5Sp8b9pg/s320/Screenshot_20231118-163735_starryai.jpg" width="263" /></a></div><br />Over a dissent, the Sixth Circuit in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0250p-06.pdf">United States v. Tellez </a></i>upheld on clear error
review a district court’s finding that a motorist consented to a search of his
wallet when an officer told him to “let me see” the wallet.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">During a traffic stop, Officer George Camacho asked for, and
received, Yanier Tellez’s consent to search his vehicle. The officer then asked Tellez
if he had his wallet. In response, Tellez initially appeared to reach for the wallet, and the officer reached for it as well. At the same time, the
officer said “let me see it for a moment.” Tellez complied, and the search uncovered evidence of credit-card fraud.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A simple interaction, but a difficult legal question. Did
Tellez “<a href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/amendment-04/18-consent-searches.html">voluntarily consent</a>” to a search of his wallet?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The panel decided that it could not reverse the district
court’s finding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_search#:~:text=Consent%20searches%20(or%20consensual%20searches,obtained%20from%20certain%20third%2Dparties.">voluntary consent</a>. It emphasized that Tellez agreed to the
search of his vehicle and that the wallet request came right after. The court
also pointed out that Tellez reached for the wallet while the officer made the “let
me see it” comment, and that Tellez handed it over<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">—actions the court called “telltale
signs of a consent-to search.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The panel cautioned
that Officer Camacho’s wording “could, in some contexts, perhaps be viewed as a
command”—which would have made the search illegal. But the pane</span>l leaned
on the standard of review, deciding that it could not find “clear error” in the
district court’s finding.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In dissent, Judge Moore highlighted the stark difference
between Officer Camacho’s request to search the car and his directive for
Tellez to hand over the wallet. And she explained that the court has “consistently
held that mere acquiescence to a show of authority, like Camacho’s imperative
command here, falls short of our demanding standard for establishing voluntary
consent.” She would have found clear error because “Tellez was simply
responding to a command issued by Camacho, rather than providing specific,
unequivocal, and affirmative consent for Camacho to look through the wallet.”<o:p></o:p></p>Benton Martin, E.D. Mich.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11409004080789068485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-16042451905378931682023-09-26T12:21:00.001-04:002023-09-26T12:21:06.341-04:00Judges disagree on denial of rehearing en banc on First Step Act retroactivity language<p><span style="font-family: arial;">The Sixth Circuit denied en banc </span><span style="font-family: arial;">review of its decision in </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0215p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Carpenter</a></i><span style="font-family: arial;">, and the majority of
active judges weighed in on the denial. This leaves intact the court’s holding that the First Step Act did not apply to Mr. Carpenter’s
resentencing because his first sentence was not vacated until after the Act became
law and thus was not “imposed as of such date of enactment” as required
by Section § 403. </span><i style="font-family: arial;">United States v. Carpenter</i><span style="font-family: arial;">, No. 22-1198, 2023 WL
3200321, at *2 (6th Cir. May 2, 2023). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Judge Kethledge (who wrote the original <i>Carpenter</i>
opinion), joined by Chief Judge Sutton and Judges Thapar and Bush, concurred
with the denial. He defended the court's decision in <i>United States v.
Jackson</i>, 995 F.3d 522 (6th Cir. 2021), <i>cert. denied</i>, 142 S. Ct. 1234 (2022), which
controlled the outcome in <i>Carpenter</i>. He wrote that “the ordinary meaning of §
403(b) is straightforward: it simply asks whether, as of December 21, 2018, a
sentence (meaning any sentence) has been imposed on the defendant. Carpenter's
sentence had been imposed as of that date, and indeed had not even been vacated
yet. Thus—even under the reasoning of the Seventh Circuit opinion from which
then-Judge Barrett dissented—the First Step Act does not apply to Carpenter's
resentencing.” <i>Carpenter</i> at 4. That aside,
Judge Kethledge described Mr. Carpenter’s sentence as “extreme by any measure,” a
situation he primarily blamed on Congress’s mandatory minimum sentencing law. <i>Id. </i>at 6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Judge Griffin, joined by Judges Moore and Stranch, dissented.
He explained that <i>Jackson </i>was wrongly decided and wrote that the language in </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Section § 403 "</span><span style="font-family: arial;">raises the question of whether “a sentence” refers to a historical
fact or one with legal effect—i.e., does it encompass a </span><i style="font-family: arial;">prior, invalid
sentence</i><span style="font-family: arial;"> or does it require an </span><i style="font-family: arial;">existing, valid one</i><span style="font-family: arial;">?” </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Id. </i><span style="font-family: arial;">at 7. He argued for
the latter, presuming that Congress intended the common-law meaning for a vacated sentence: “ab initio, as if it never happened,” and noted
that all sister circuits considering this issue have gone the other way.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Finally, in her first authored opinion, Judge Bloomekatz, joined
by Judges Moore, Clay, Griffin, Stranch, and Mathis, also dissented, describing
the case as one with “all the hallmarks of one that warrants the full court's
consideration.” <i>Id. </i>at 12. In her view, <i>Carpenter </i>“clashes” with the prior
decision in <i>United States v. Henry</i>, 983 F.3d 214 (6th Cir. 2020) and is “exceptionally important:”</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The real human costs that this esoteric legal issue presents
also should not be overlooked. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Because our circuit has split from every other
to reach this issue, defendants in Kentucky, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee will
often have to serve decades longer sentences than those in most of the other
states. Carpenter proves this point. His sentence is </span><i style="font-family: arial;">eighty</i><span style="font-family: arial;"> years
longer than it would be if he had been resentenced in the seventeen states that
comprise the Third, Fourth, and Ninth Circuits. . . .</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> The resulting sentencing disparity, along with the other reasons I have
outlined, should give us pause enough to consider the decision as a full
court. </span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Id. </i>at 13. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The denial of en banc review cements a circuit split on this issue, one the Supreme Court will likely resolve.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-2933706849450555942023-09-17T13:02:00.001-04:002023-09-17T13:02:22.551-04:00No good faith for search of electronic device, even after consent to preview device<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhskzXxBsREHh3ftWbMtSzJ_nK06THD8UgsjwiBkirdBFBMTCF71LodZDryAO9gTVCj17j6MvoP9Q-6fMQLmyPr86b9Cd-8e6QCkSJWXDqNABJnCRFPB87GBAjKRpn4rD7W7c_h-59asnnMo1ChJrpKDQVYgwFyfnTn_lPkHfLkXe8NXgYpNBE/s640/computer%20search.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhskzXxBsREHh3ftWbMtSzJ_nK06THD8UgsjwiBkirdBFBMTCF71LodZDryAO9gTVCj17j6MvoP9Q-6fMQLmyPr86b9Cd-8e6QCkSJWXDqNABJnCRFPB87GBAjKRpn4rD7W7c_h-59asnnMo1ChJrpKDQVYgwFyfnTn_lPkHfLkXe8NXgYpNBE/s320/computer%20search.png" width="256" /></a></div>Last month, the Sixth Circuit issued an important Fourth Amendment decision regarding searches of electronic devices, <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0206p-06.pdf">United States v. Lewis</a>.</i><p></p><p>In 2019, Kentucky police opened an investigation after a tip from Homeland Security stated a particular IP address, connected to Edward Lewis, was "viewing child pornography." Two years later, agents knocked on Lewis's door.</p><p>At his house, Lewis <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_search">consented to a search</a> of his phone and laptop after officers asked to look at them. A forensic examiner then previewed the items, revealing suspected child pornography. At the same time, Lewis made incriminating statements about possibly viewing child pornography.</p><p>Officers then arrested Lewis, and Detective Anthony Gatson prepared a search warrant for his house and electronic devices. The warrant explained: <i>"An HSI investigation identified Edward L Lewis . . . as a person of interest. HSI
SA Minnick requested assistance with interviewing Mr. Lewis. Mr. Lewis was
located at his residence at [address.] Mr. Lewis gave consent to search his laptop
and cell phone. During [the] search it became apparent that Mr. Lewis had used
his laptop to view images of child sexual exploitation."</i></p><p>Subsequent searches confirmed illegal pornography on the devices on the devices, leading to federal charges.</p><p>The Sixth Circuit found exclusion of the evidence appropriate. The court decided Lewis consented only to a preview of his devices, not seizure of the devices and full forensic examination. "None of the law-enforcement officers
testified that Lewis was asked for his consent to seize his devices or to a perform a second, more
invasive search of the devices at a state forensic laboratory, or that he voluntarily consented to
those actions." Instead, "Detective Gatson and the other officers reached the limit of
Lewis’s consent once they terminated the consent search, arrested Lewis, and left his home to
obtain a search warrant." </p><p>This decision thus presents a compelling example of the important distinction between officers looking at a device versus seizure and forensic exam of that device.</p><p>As to the search warrant, the district court thought the later search warrant showed officers acted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Leon">good faith</a>, but the Sixth Circuit disagreed. First, the affidavit failed to establish probable cause because the detective "provided the state judge only one fact in support of the
existence of probable cause: that a search of Mr. Lewis's laptop and cell phone had occurred." The court thus observed, quoting prior decisions, that "the combined boilerplate language and minimal information provide few, if
any, particularized facts of an incriminating nature and little more than conclusory statements of
affiant’s belief that probable cause existed regarding criminal activity." </p><p>Moreover, no good faith applied because the warrant contained only a <a href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/search-warrants-bare-bones-affidavits">"bare-bones affidavit."</a> The court explained that, although the affidavit "clearly expresses Detective Gatson’s
belief that Lewis had committed a crime, but it does not provide a factual basis upon which a
magistrate could independently reach that conclusion.</p><p>The Sixth Circuit thus decided: <i>"Lewis consented to the initial search of his laptop and cell phone performed at his home,
and the law-enforcement officers' account of that search and the preview generated during the
search were validly obtained and are admissible under the Fourth Amendment. All other
evidence taken from Lewis's electronic devices, by contrast, was obtained through searches and
seizures that were not supported by a valid warrant or a valid claim to an exception to the
warrant requirement. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court's order denying Lewis’s
motion to suppress, VACATE Lewis's conviction, and REMAND for further proceedings."</i></p>Benton Martin, E.D. Mich.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11409004080789068485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-63951695224779364422023-08-17T16:18:00.000-04:002023-08-17T16:18:56.864-04:00Taylor Doesn’t Help Those Convicted of § 924(c) Based on Aiding and Abetting a Crime of Violence<p>Joining every other circuit to decide the question, the Sixth Circuit held in <i>Nicholson v. United States</i> (No. 21-1768) and <i>Sorrell v. United States</i> (No. 21-1779), that aiding and abetting a "crime of violence" is still a "crime of violence" under the force clause in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The petitioners in these consolidated 2255 appeals were convicted after a jury trial of (among other things) using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The “crime of violence” element was predicated on the jury finding that the defendants committed either one of two other offenses charged under the Violent Crimes in Aid of Racketeering (VICAR) statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1959—both arising from the assault of a rival gang member but with one being VICAR conspiracy to commit assault and one being VICAR aiding and abetting assault with a dangerous weapon.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Everyone agreed that under existing precedent, VICAR conspiracy to commit a crime of violence is not a crime of violence no matter the predicate offense. And the Court quickly dispatched the question whether VICAR assault with a deadly weapon is a crime of violence, relying on its rule that any assault, no matter how minimal, satisfies the force clause when committed with a gun. The central issue became whether the § 924(c) conviction remained valid as alternatively predicated on VICAR aiding and abetting that crime of violence. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Under § 924(c), the force clause requires that the offense have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” In <i>United States v. Taylor</i>, 142 S. Ct. 2015 (2022), the Supreme Court held that attempted Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence under § 924(c). It reasoned that because the attempt crime at issue requires proof only of an intent to commit the crime and a substantial step toward it—which could be just arriving at the planned location with intent and tools—it does not satisfy the force clause.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The petitioners here contended that aiding and abetting as defined in <i>Rosemond v. United States</i>, 572 U.S. 65 (2014), means that the government must prove only two elements: an affirmative act in furtherance of an offense (which could be mere words of encouragement) and the intent to facilitate the offense’s commission. But the Sixth Circuit was not swayed, focusing on the fact that the government still must prove that someone committed all the elements of the charged crime of violence—unlike for the incomplete attempt offense in <i>Taylor</i>. The Court also relied heavily on the fact that a person convicted of aiding and abetting is treated as a principal.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Finally, the Court in <i>Nicholson</i> rejected the petitioners’ claim that because the jury could have been non-unanimous in its decision about which predicate supported the § 924(c) conviction—the invalid VICAR conspiracy or the valid VICAR aiding-and-abetting—their conviction must be vacated. Following its recent decision in <i>Baugh v. United States</i>, 64 F.4th 779 (2023), the Court held that the invalid conspiracy offense did not encompass conduct beyond the scope of the valid aiding and abetting offense (both arising from the same scheme to assault the rival), so the error was harmless.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Opinion here: https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0183p-06.pdf</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">While certainly a blow for post-<i>Taylor </i>aiding and abetting arguments in this Circuit, <i>Nicholson</i> still leaves room for (and provides inferential support for) challenging predicates that do not rise to the level of aiding and abetting, either because they do not require proof of the commission of the completed offense (by anyone) or because they do not treat the defendant the same as a principle or an aider or abettor, but something less. <i>E.g.</i>, <i>United States v. Benton,</i> 639 F.3d 723 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding that Tennessee solicitation to commit aggravated assault is not a violent felony under the ACCA’s force clause because solicitation is “distinguished from” criminal responsibility as an accessory before the fact or as an aider and abettor under Tennessee law).</div><div><br /></div></div><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div><br /><p></p>Jennifer Niles Coffinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15825155277286749747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-59621773044386709852023-08-04T16:22:00.003-04:002023-08-04T16:25:48.722-04:00District Court: "I'm tired of this defendant. I'm tired of getting the runaround . . . This guy looks like like a criminal to me. This is what criminals do." Sixth Circuit: new trial, new judge <p> </p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">Due process safeguards against trial by an impartial arbiter. To ensure an impartial arbiter, courts must avoid even the appearance of bias, or, said differently, the objective risk of actual bias. In <i>US v. Liggins</i>, a district court's pretrial remarks crossed the line.</p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span>Leron Liggins was indicted in February 2018. During a lengthy pretrial process, he struggled to build durable relationships with his appointed attorneys, and wrestled with the decision to plead guilty or go to trial. Eventually, he decided to forego a plea and the district court set the matter for trial.</span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">Two months prior to the trial date, Mr. Liggins filed a pro se pleading expressing dissatisfaction with counsel. The district court held a hearing, and when the judge learned Mr. Liggins wished to fire his attorney, the judge, admittedly, lost their cool. The judge said:</p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote>"I’m tired of this case. I’m tired of this defendant. I’m tired of getting the
runaround. This has been going on since February 6, 2018. We’ve got a case out
of Kentucky that came here under Rule 20. Rule 20 says the reason for the
transfer was the defendant has agreed to plead guilty. I feel as if the Court has
been misled. I’ve been told in an official pleading and informally the defendant
was going to plead guilty. We cancelled jurors. We got a trial date. Now we got
this."</blockquote><p></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">Mr. Liggins asked to speak, the judge said no, and then the judge addressed Mr. Liggins' lawyer, adding: </p></blockquote><p></p><blockquote><blockquote>This guy has got my attention, [counsel]. What do you want me to do? <b><i>This
guy looks like a criminal to me. This is what criminals do. This isn’t what
innocent people, who want a fair trial do.</i></b> He’s indicted in Kentucky. He’s
indicted here. He’s alleged to be dealing heroin, which addicts, hurts and kills
people, and he’s playing games with the Court. Do you agree? </blockquote></blockquote><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">The court granted counsel's request to withdraw, appointed new counsel and, eventually, the case headed to jury trial. Prior to trial, Mr. Liggins moved to recuse the court, citing the above comments as evidence of bias and thus reason to doubt the court's impartiality. Although the court apologized for and walked back the above comments, the court denied the motion. A jury convicted Mr. Liggins, the court sentenced him to 127 months, and Mr. Liggins appealed. </p><p></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">The Sixth Circuit issued a published opinion reversing and remanding for a new trial before a new judge. </p><p></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">Two pieces of the published opinion warrant comment. One, the court's statement that Mr. Liggins "looks like a criminal to me" raised the specter of racial bias. Regardless of the court's <i>intent </i>in making the remark, an objective risk of bias took root when the judge commented on Mr. Liggins' appearance, especially so because Mr. Liggins is an African American man. Second, the court appeared to prejudge Mr. Liggins' guilt. Casting Mr. Liggins' dissatisfaction with counsel and desire to go to trial as doing "what criminals do" sure looked like voiding the presumption of innocence. </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">At bottom, the court's gratuitous, personal, and condemnatory comments too readily risked undermining public confidence in the judicial process. So the panel vacated Mr. Liggins' conviction.</p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"> </p></blockquote>Matt Monahanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14590584720959302554noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-8859913168428233472023-07-16T23:23:00.001-04:002023-07-16T23:23:11.007-04:00Sixth Circuit Upholds Application of Attempted Murder Cross Reference in Shooting of Kentucky State Trooper.<p>While pursuing a truck being driven by Tiffany Miller, Kentucky State Trooper Bradley Couch ordered her to stop and get out of her vehicle. As he approached the vehicle and attempted to open the door, however, Miller opened fire, hitting him in the shoulder. Additional pursuing troopers opened fire, hitting Miller several times. Both Miller and Couch survived.</p><p>Miller subsequently pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon and possession of a stolen firearm. Although Miller's presentence report calculated her recommended Guidelines sentencing range as 324 months to 405 months imprisonment by applying the cross-reference to attempted murder, the Court reduced her sentence to 240 months imprisonment in order to match the maximum sentence she could receive based on the firearms offenses to which she pleaded guilty.</p><p>Miller appealed her sentence, arguing the District Court should have applied the cross-reference to aggravated assault pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 rather than attempted murder pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1. Specifically, she argued the District Court erred in finding she specifically intended to kill Trooper Crouch because there was evidence she was intoxicated at the time and there were unspent rounds in her revolver -- evidence she claimed supported her argument that she intended to shoot past Trooper Couch to scare him. She also argued her sentence was substantively unreasonable because the District Court failed to recognize she accepted responsibility for her actions by pleading guilty.</p><p>The Sixth Circuit disagreed. In a published <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0149p-06.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a>, it held the sentence imposed by the District Court was neither procedurally nor substantively unreasonable. The Court specifically held the District Court's finding she possessed a specific intent to kill Trooper Crouch was not clearly erroneous. Additionally, it held that Miller's sentence was not substantively unreasonable because the Guidelines already took her timely guilty plea into account by reducing her offense level for her acceptance of responsibility. </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-30513624740716304322023-07-15T16:07:00.004-04:002023-07-15T16:07:53.141-04:00What is a "Trade Secret"? Court Affirms Conviction for Economic Espionage and Theft of Trade Secrets.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4fMf6GhJHtCB4qOi1yaJ53o5Fwvpx4FWYHYBKRiawaJXDleE0YT9e5j2i5ZjvU7jfb5CzFxOCugJmqK5GRHCx05FCeCsHL7y2W9-pf8Ha_Yc8c_dr5yUoXXsD5Ms909NLCsVjBtnwJWILQyi_TbSrm9h3WYvrAz-8GjV4b4G9Lt9k4EifVeU2w/s800/trade%20secret.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4fMf6GhJHtCB4qOi1yaJ53o5Fwvpx4FWYHYBKRiawaJXDleE0YT9e5j2i5ZjvU7jfb5CzFxOCugJmqK5GRHCx05FCeCsHL7y2W9-pf8Ha_Yc8c_dr5yUoXXsD5Ms909NLCsVjBtnwJWILQyi_TbSrm9h3WYvrAz-8GjV4b4G9Lt9k4EifVeU2w/s320/trade%20secret.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Dr. Xiaorong You, a foreign-born U.S. citizen of Chinese origin, was a chemist employed by the Coca-Cola Company to test the chemical coatings used in the company's beverage cans. In recent years, Coca-Cola sought to utilize coatings that were free of bisphenol-A (“BPA”). In working toward its goal, it worked with six chemical companies that developed BPA-free formulas. Each company required Coca-Cola to sign nondisclosure agreements in order to protect their formulas. You was one of the only Coca-Cola employees with access to these formulas. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Unbeknownst to Coca-Cola or You's other employers, she sought to form a new company in China that would manufacture a BPA-free chemical. She also requested funding from the Chinese government, stating she had developed the world's "most advanced" BPA-free coating technology. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">After discovering You's actions in China, Coca-Cola informed her it would terminate her employment in sixty days. In response, she transferred confidential files regarding the companies' BPA-free formulas from Coca-Cola's servers to her own devices. In addition, she transferred confidential files regarding the same information from her subsequent employer. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">A grand jury subsequently indicted You for conspiring to commit theft of trade secrets in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1832(a)(5); seven counts of possessing stolen trade secrets, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1832(a)(3); wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; conspiracy to commit economic espionage, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1831(a)(5); and economic espionage, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1831(a)(3). A jury ultimately convicted her on all counts. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">During sentencing, the district court estimated You intended to impose $121.8 million of loss on the referenced chemical companies. In reaching this calculation, the district court admitted it based its calculations on the following assumptions, among others that: (a) the Chinese market for BPA-free coatings would remain fixed; (b) You would absorb all sales in China from Chinese can makers; and (c) Chinese companies were already buying BPA-free coatings from the chemical company victims. The district court's intended loss calculation resulted in a 24-level enhancement to You's base offense level, which increased her total offense level of 41 and resulted in a recommended Guidelines range of 324 to 405 months imprisonment. The district court subsequently varied downward to impose a 168-month sentence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">You raised several issues on appeal challenging her conviction and sentence. Notably, she argued the district court's jury instructions misstated the intent requirements for economic espionage and trade-secret theft. In addition, she argued the district court's sentence was procedurally unreasonable because "intended loss" is referenced in the Guidelines' commentary and not in its actual text. In the alternative, You argued that, even if the district court could rely on the Guidelines' commentary, it miscalculated her intended loss. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a published <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0148p-06.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a>, the Sixth Circuit affirmed You's conviction but reversed her sentence. It held the district court properly instructed the jury regarding the <i>mens rea</i> requirements for You's economic espionage and trade-secret theft counts, rejecting her argument that the jury had to find that the information she took met each element in the Economic Espionage Act's definition of a "trade secret." It was sufficient, the Court held, for the jury to find that You knew she was taking "confidential information" she had no right to claim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With respect to You's sentence, the Court held the district court properly considered her "intended loss" pursuant to the Guidelines' commentary. Finding the definition of "loss" ambiguous, the Court held it was proper for the district court to rely on the United States Sentencing Commission's interpretation of the term.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Although it held the district court could sentence You based on her "intended loss," the Court found its calculation flawed in two ways. First, although the district court rejected other estimates You provided in her grant application with the Chinese government as "speculative," it used the $2.9 billion estimate she provided regarding the annual Chinese market for can coatings. In addition, the Court found that, although the district court claimed to determine the loss amount based on You's anticipated profits, it actually used her anticipated sales with no reduction for her profit margin. A "reasonable reduction" for You's profit margin, the Court concluded, could have affected her Guidelines range and resulted in a lesser sentence. Accordingly, the Court reversed her sentence and remanded the matter for resentencing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-62371453861013485042023-07-11T22:52:00.000-04:002023-07-11T22:52:00.544-04:00Community-Caretaking Doctrine Not Unlimited<p><span style="font-family: arial;">In <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0137p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Morgan</a></i>, the Sixth Circuit clarified
the limits of the community-caretaking doctrine. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">On a winter morning, a police officer saw a man seemingly
passed out at the wheel of his stopped but running car. Without investigating further or taking any action to rouse the driver, the officer opened
the car door. This led to an altercation and Mr. Morgan was arrested for
possession of a firearm and drugs. The district court denied his motion to suppress,
finding the seizure justified by the community-caretaking exception. The Sixth
Circuit reversed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">In doing so, the Court first discussed the history of police
community service, running back to “watchman’s roles long before the dawn of
the Republic.” Slip Opin. at 4. Ultimately however, the Court emphasized the
limitations of the doctrine, finding that “[c]oncerns about
the health of a driver by themselves generally do not permit the unannounced
opening of a car door.” <i>Id. </i>at 6. There were “myriad, less
intrusive paths available” to the officer to investigate any concerns about the
driver, like activating his emergency lights, shining a flashlight at the driver,
calling out to him, or knocking on the window. The Court emphasized that the
intrusion must be reasonable, matching the actual problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Court also dismissed the officer’s contention that he needed
to open the car door suddenly to keep the driver from hitting the gas and
causing harm, as suddenly opening the driver’s side door was more startling than
any of the other less intrusive options. An officer must first, in some way, confirm
that an actual exigency exists to rely on the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">community-caretaking exception</span><span style="font-family: arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-20034028867837479312023-07-10T22:06:00.000-04:002023-07-10T22:06:07.756-04:00The Not So Friendly Skies: Court Upholds Conviction for Flying Without a License<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vXjvuYKKarg6VS28COp-RHhz6tKx6BnpEwhA3sRoEjVbmMau6GDKSvnyvlaEJF4wSa4-IOwaVBttXqKK9_LcjwOMlzGKzirkGd1dh2bbFDl3nawMe0toaO8v7FDiUv5PqcNSIEq0nv1WybzkMw1w8OJN1CkPbVlYl2JVo3D2GSNYaOETKmrLHw/s804/R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="600" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vXjvuYKKarg6VS28COp-RHhz6tKx6BnpEwhA3sRoEjVbmMau6GDKSvnyvlaEJF4wSa4-IOwaVBttXqKK9_LcjwOMlzGKzirkGd1dh2bbFDl3nawMe0toaO8v7FDiUv5PqcNSIEq0nv1WybzkMw1w8OJN1CkPbVlYl2JVo3D2GSNYaOETKmrLHw/w195-h262/R.jpg" width="195" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Delbert Stewart flew legally with a properly issued private airman's certificate for almost 40 years. In 2014, however, the Federal Aviation Administration suspended his certificate when he failed to respond to the FAA's claim that he flew at altitudes and in weather conditions for which he was not authorized. Claiming the FAA had no jurisdiction over private pilots, Stewart never responded to allegations, and he never surrendered his certificate, as required by the FAA. In fact, he continued flying, despite the issuance of numerous fines against him by the FAA and even after suspending the airworthiness certificate for his plane. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">By 2019, the FAA had finally had enough. After Stewart landed his plane <b>without landing gear</b>, it revoked his airman's certificate and ordered its surrender. Stewart again refused to surrender his certificate, prompting the FAA to issue yet another $5,000 fine. This did not stop Stewart from flying, however. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In May 2021, a federal grand jury returned an indictment charging Stewart with three counts of knowingly and willfully flying "without an airman's certificate...." 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7). Stewart subsequently moved to dismiss the indictment, arguing he was never "without" his airman's certificate because he never surrendered it to the FAA and thus had it in his possession each time he flew. Moreover, he argued that the 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7) did not require that he possess a "valid" certificate. The district court denied Stewart's motion, holding that the statute required airmen to have certificates authorizing them to fly, and that his suspended, and subsequently revoked, license did not authorize him to do so. Stewart subsequently entered a conditional guilty plea, and the district court sentenced him to two years of probation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a published <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0147p-06.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a>, the Court affirmed the district court's order. After reviewing the statutory text, the Court concluded that 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7) required more than a mere certificate: it required the pilot to have actual authorization from the FAA to fly. Since Stewart repeatedly flew without such authorization, the Court concluded the statute applied.</p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-40250889553785073122023-06-24T20:43:00.002-04:002023-06-24T20:43:29.632-04:00Sixth Amendment does not require that counsel be clairvoyant to be effective.<p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> In <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0130p-06.pdf">Kimbrough v. United v. States, --- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2023)</a>, the defendant was charged with numerous offenses including attempted
Hobbs Act robbery (18 U.S.C. § 1951(a)), two counts of murder with a firearm
during a crime of violence (18 U.S.C. § 924(j)), and murder of a federal
witness (§ 1512(a)(1)(C)). The latter charge carried a mandatory life sentence.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Under the terms of a plea agreement, Mr. Kimbrough agreed to a stipulation
admitting the crimes and he would plead guilty to multiple charges including
two counts of murder with a firearm during a crime of violence. The government
would dismiss the remaining charges and agree to a binding sentencing range of
480 to 520 months. The district court imposed concurrent 504-month sentences on
the two § 924(j) convictions and concurrent statutory maximum sentences on the
other counts. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mr. Kimbrough subsequently filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255
to vacate his sentence. He claimed that his attorneys were ineffective because
they advised him to plead guilty to the § 924(j) charge that did not involve
the federal witness. Mr. Kimbrough argued that counsel was ineffective because attempted
Hobbs Act robbery was not a crime of violence under the “elements clause” of §
924(c)(3)(A). Although the district court agreed with Mr. Kimbrough, it
rejected his claim because in the absence of evidence that he would have
rejected the plea, he could not demonstrate prejudice. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After Mr. Kimbrough file notice of appeal, the Supreme Court held
in <i>Taylor v. United States</i>, 142 S.Ct. 2015 (2022) that attempted Hobbs Act
robbery does not qualify as a crime of violence. The Sixth Circuit issued a
certificate of appealability on the ineffective assistance claim. In his reply brief,
Mr. Kimbrough requested that a certificate of appealability to challenge his §
924(j) convictions. The request was denied because Mr. Kimbrough procedurally
defaulted the <i>Taylor</i> argument by failing to raise it in district court
and on direct appeal in his opening brief. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sixth Circuit affirmed the denial of Mr. Kimbrough’s § 2255
motion. In its analysis of the deficiency prong of the test in <i>Strickland v.
Washington</i>, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the Sixth Circuit found that “existing
precedent did not ‘clearly foreshadow’” <i>Taylor</i>. Slip Opin. at 4. As the
court put it, “the Sixth Amendment guarantees a competent attorney, not a clairvoyant
one.” Slip Opin. at 5. Moreover, foregoing a potentially meritorious argument
to obtain a favorable plea agreement does not render counsel’s performance
deficient. The Sixth Circuit noted that Mr. Kimbrough “did not have a strong
hand to play in plea negotiations.” Slip Opin. at. 6. He did not deny the charges
and did not offer a viable defense to them. Moreover, he was looking at a
mandatory life sentence on one charge. Even if the <i>Taylor</i> argument was
viable, “counsel must only consider ‘clearly foreshadowed’ arguments, not every
‘viable’ one.” Slip Opin. at 6 (citation omitted). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mr. Kimbrough also failed to show prejudice under the <i>Strickland</i>
test. The Sixth Circuit reiterated that he did not claim to be innocent or
offer a viable defense. He also did not contend that he would have rejected the
plea deal and gone to trial. In addition, he did not show that he had a legal
argument that “materially mitigates the risk of a mandatory life sentence or a
factual argument that materially improves the odds of an acquittal.” Slip Opin.
at 7. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p> <br /><p></p>Frank Hefthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08079407891220665026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-56464020119373275052023-06-24T20:36:00.003-04:002023-06-24T20:36:48.786-04:00Relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 must relate to “custody.”<p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
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custody under sentence of a court established by Act of Congress claiming the
right to be released . . ..”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A jury convicted Enrique Amaya of conspiracy to travel in interstate
commerce with intent to commit murder (18 U.S.C. § 1958); using a firearm
during and in relation to a crime of violence causing death (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)
and (j)); and conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more
kilograms of cocaine (21 U.S.C. § 846). Mr. Amaya was sentenced to three
concurrent life sentences. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mr. Amaya filed a § 2255 motion challenging his conviction for
using a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence causing death. (18
U.S.C. § 924(c) and (j)). He argued that after <i>United States v. Davis</i>,
139 S.Ct. 2319 (2019), </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">his
murder conspiracy charge was no longer a valid predicate crime of violence for
his § 924(c) conviction. The district court, relying on the concurrent sentence
doctrine, denied relief without reaching the merits. The judgment was affirmed. <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0133p-06.pdf">Amaya v. United States, --- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2023).</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sixth Circuit noted that relief cannot be granted unless a
prisoner is “claiming the right to be released” from “custody” and that even if
Mr. Amaya prevailed on his <i>Davis</i> claim he would still be serving two,
concurrent life sentences. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Mr. Amaya did not argue that vacatur
of only one concurrent sentence could be “characterized as ‘release’” so the
court left that questioned unanswered. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mr. Amaya, however, argued that the $100 special assessment that
he had to pay for each of his three convictions constituted a cognizable claim.
The Sixth Circuit disagreed because the case came to the court as an appeal
from a collateral attack and not on direct appeal. The court explained that
custody is “at the center of the collateral proceeding so the prejudice
required to obtain relief must ultimately relate to the challenged custody.”
Slip Opin. at 5. (Citations omitted). “The $100 special assessment does not fit
the bill, so [Mr.] Amaya is not entitled to relief.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. </span></p> <br /><p></p>Frank Hefthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08079407891220665026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-38606466036107015192023-06-24T20:25:00.004-04:002023-06-24T20:27:58.739-04:00Sentence of 48 months in revocation proceeding held to be procedurally and substantively unreasonable.<p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Andrew Morris was originally sentenced to 156 months’ imprisonment
and five-years of supervised release for drug and firearm offenses. <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0129p-06.pdf">United States v. Morris, --- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2023).</a> Following his release from
prison, he was charged with numerous violations of supervised release. The
Guidelines range was 51 to 63 months. The district court imposed a 48-month
sentence on the firearm count and time served on the drug count. The sentence
was vacated on appeal and remanded for resentencing in light of <i>Borden v.
United States</i>, 141 S.Ct. 1817 (2021). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Borden</span></i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> eliminated a Grade A violation and the new Guidelines range was
21 to 27 months. An evidentiary hearing was conducted on remand and the
district court imposed consecutive sentence of 24 months for both counts. On
appeal, the Sixth Circuit held that Mr. Morris’s 48 month sentence is
procedurally and substantively unreasonable. <i>United States v. Morris</i>,
--- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2023).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sixth Circuit held that the district court could consider Mr.
Morris’s prior criminal history even if it was already factored into his
Guidelines range. Although the defendant cannot be punished for the violation
conduct itself, the district court “may consider the seriousness of the
violation conduct when determining the sanction for the breach of trust
associated with a supervised-release violation.” Slip Opin. at 7. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The 48-month sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the
district court failed to adequately explain its decision to impose consecutive
sentences. The only explanation that was clear from the record was that the
district court wanted to impose the same sentence it previously imposed
notwithstanding the substantial reduction in the Guidelines range. Furthermore,
the district court failed to consider many of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors including
the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sixth Circuit also found that the 48-month sentence was substantively
unreasonable. Regarding the nature and circumstances of the offense, the
district court should have considered only conduct for the original offenses,
not the violation conduct and it failed to consider many of the other § 3553(a)
factors. The court further failed to explain how Mr. Morris’s case differed
from the mine-run revocation case and “its desire to impose the same sentence
it had previously imposed was not sufficiently compelling to justify a 21-month
upward variance.” Slip Opin. at 11.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Sixth Circuit pointed out that the district court does not
satisfy the <i>Bostic</i> question by merely asking the parties if there is
“anything further” they want to address. Slip Opin. at 5.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Judge McKeague concurred in part and concurred in the judgment. He
agreed that the district court failed to adequately explain the 48-month
sentence but he did not find the sentence to be substantively unreasonable. He
took issue with the majority’s conclusion that the district court failed to
consider relevant § 3553(a) factors. As he saw it, the essence of Mr. Morris’s
substantive reasonableness argument was that the district court should have
balanced the § 3553(a) factors differently and he noted that the appellate
court’s “job is not to rebalance the factors; it is to ensure that the district
court’s balance was reasonable.” Slip Opin. at 14.</span></p> <br /><p></p>Frank Hefthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08079407891220665026noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-45487178461142165522023-06-09T21:33:00.006-04:002023-06-09T21:35:54.816-04:00Sixth Circuit continues to curtail compassionate release<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85DKeVtrOun9bzqfDIwiY6vYWAgKbZH3SODJu32BDmBxZ5WP3YVhDl-HohQRLqzs1Z5em4YH5KbSxhHFyb0oqV2l2hKV2HYs3sL3CEE5fQjwUoO_0UZpEy3R2nsNCLAi7m1N9_ESENhRK3sI04OZgKtuFLfHL3KhFYgyYLeKa44be5Z23/s1312/Screenshot_20230609-213143_starryai.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1312" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85DKeVtrOun9bzqfDIwiY6vYWAgKbZH3SODJu32BDmBxZ5WP3YVhDl-HohQRLqzs1Z5em4YH5KbSxhHFyb0oqV2l2hKV2HYs3sL3CEE5fQjwUoO_0UZpEy3R2nsNCLAi7m1N9_ESENhRK3sI04OZgKtuFLfHL3KhFYgyYLeKa44be5Z23/w262-h320/Screenshot_20230609-213143_starryai.jpg" width="262" /></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2018, the First Step Act expanded compassionate release to allow reductions in prison sentences when an incarcerated person showed "<span style="background-color: white;">extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction." </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3582">18 U.S.C.</a><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3582">§ 3582(c)(1)(a)(i)</a>. But despite this broad language, in a series of decisions the Sixth Circuit has curtailed what type of circumstances can fall within the ambit of "extraordinary and compelling."</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">The latest of those decisions came today in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0122p-06.pdf">United States v. Roy West</a>.</i> In 2011, a federal judge sentenced West to die in prison after a jury convicted him of murder-for-hire conspiracy. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Notably, however, West's jury was not spe</span><span><span style="background-color: white;">cifically asked whether the victim's death actually resulted from the murder-for-hire conspir<span>acy</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span>—an important fact because it required a mandatory life without parole sentence.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span>In 2022, West moved f<span>or a sentence reduction under </span></span></span><span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3582">§ 3582(c)(1)(a)(i)</a><span><span style="background-color: white;">, arguing that his mandatory life sentence violated </span></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4053038751252355308&hl=en&as_sdt=6,34"><i>Apprendi v. New Jersey</i>,
530 U.S. 466 (2000)</a> because the jury wasn't required to find that the death resulted from the conspiracy. And in fact, evidence at trial suggested multiple people sought to kill him, so it wasn't a foregone conclusion that he could have been killed by someone else. </span><span>The district court agreed that West's sentence violated </span><i>Apprendi </i><span>and reduced his sentence, explaining that, in addition to the sentencing error, West has shown compelling rehabilitation and his sentence is disproportionate to others with similar conduct.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The Sixth Circuit found that, despite the substantial discretion given to district courts in ordering compassionate release, the reduction violated </span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16058592845063270399&hl=en&as_sdt=6,34"><i>United States
v. McCall</i>, 56 F.4th 1048, 1050 (6th Cir. 2022)</a>. In <i>McCall</i>, a divided en banc court weighed in on an ongoing circuit split to conclude that nonretroactive changes to the law cannot constitute "extraordinary and compelling" reasons for reduction under § 3582(c). <i>Apprendi </i>is retroactive, so West argued that <i>McCall </i>did not apply. But the court concluded that, in its view, West's argument still amounted to an "end run around" the restrictions on habeas relief.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Judge Gibbons dissented in <i>McCall </i>and wrote the majority decision here. She slipped in a reminder of her criticism of the Sixth Circuit's current approach to § 3582(c) in a footnote: "<i>McCall</i>'s breadth is evident in its application here. A once highly discretionary decision of the district court, as broadly suggested by the Supreme Court in <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1697241577201582505&hl=en&as_sdt=6,34"><i>Concepcion v. United States</i>, 142 S. Ct. 2389 (2022)</a>, has been severely and categorically cabined."</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For now, then, even if constitutional errors occurred in your sentencing, and you can show that the sentencing factors favor a sentence reduction, a district court can't (without more) use § 3582(c) to reduce your sentence. The plot may thicken if the Sentencing Commission's <a href="https://www.fd.org/news/sentencing-commission-votes-expand-compassionate-release">expansive new guidance</a> about the application of the compassionate release statute takes effect in November of this year, or if the Supreme Court takes up<a href="https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/amendment-process/public-hearings-and-meetings/20230223-24/CLC.pdf"> the circuit split on the scope of § 3582(c)</a>.</span></div>Benton Martin, E.D. Mich.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11409004080789068485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-2466983048005389102023-04-30T20:23:00.006-04:002023-04-30T20:38:23.680-04:00Bump Stocks ≠ Machineguns<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZOzOfzSC2Lev43MikuY9p_Ode8MepRRburt-dILuukSoT31wkbDytO2skrLedw0hCqmFTKZcrsWF_NVpPERGv4_xcfoE1IT3DG5YCPJGxF7Gl8hFCUUK8jXKfYDZdSVKbXgrqYK3_AJTZUzoEVv87JpG7_nD_gQzzy-p4XKmbIuQFJCax/s1339/Bump%20stock%20patent%20photo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="United States Patent No. 8,127,658 entitled "Method of Shooting a Semi-Automatic Firearm"" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1339" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZOzOfzSC2Lev43MikuY9p_Ode8MepRRburt-dILuukSoT31wkbDytO2skrLedw0hCqmFTKZcrsWF_NVpPERGv4_xcfoE1IT3DG5YCPJGxF7Gl8hFCUUK8jXKfYDZdSVKbXgrqYK3_AJTZUzoEVv87JpG7_nD_gQzzy-p4XKmbIuQFJCax/w320-h258/Bump%20stock%20patent%20photo.jpg" title="From one of the original patents for bump stocks" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2021, the
Sixth Circuit, sitting en banc, was evenly split on whether "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_stock">bump stocks</a>" attached to semiautomatic rifles qualify as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun">machine guns</a>. <i>See </i><i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0279p-06.pdf">Gun Owners of America, Inc. v. Garland</a></i><span><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0279p-06.pdf">, 19 F.4th 890 (6th Cir. 2021) (en banc)</a>.</span><span> In 2023, the question
came before the Sixth Circuit again, and a panel decided that the rule of
lenity counsels that the answer is "no."</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%;">In <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0086p-06.pdf" target="_blank">Hardin v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives</a></i>, No. 20-6380 (6th Cir. Apr. 25, 2023), the court examined
<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/922">18 USC § 922(o)(1)</a>, which makes it unlawful to transfer or possess a
machinegun, and <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5845">26 USC <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>§ 5845(b)</a>, the definition
of a machinegun in the National Firearms Act.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span>Ambiguity
arises from the fact that § 5845(b) defines machinegun as a weapon that "automatically" fires more than one shot "by a single function of the trigger." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_stock">Bump stocks</a></span><span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_stock"> </a>"</span></span><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">assist rapid fire by 'bumping' the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> against one's finger (as opposed to one's finger pulling on the trigger), thus allowing the firearm's </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recoil">recoil</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, plus constant forward pressure by the non-shooting arm, to actuate the trigger." </span></span><span>The Sixth Circuit emphasized that courts are
all over the place on this question, as "a significant number of reasonable jurists have
reached diametrically opposed conclusions as to whether the definition of a
machinegun includes a bump stock," and the ATF itself has even had a "flip-flop" on the question.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%;">The Sixth
Circuit thus looked to the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/rule_of_lenity">rule of lenity</a>, and in particular,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Ho"> Fifth Circuit Judge Ho</a>’s concurrence
to the en banc Fifth Circuit decision in <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8116926654181054953&q=Cargill+v.+Garland,+57+F.4th+447,+473+(5th+Cir.+2023)&hl=en&as_sdt=6,34"><i>Cargill v. Garland</i>, 57 F.4th
447 (5th Cir. 2023)</a>. That opinion proposed two analogies: (1)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"> designer drugs</a>, which are just as dangerous as unlawful drugs but not automatically
banned by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act">Controlled Substances Act of 1970</a>; and (2) <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15837139254241140507&q=United+States+v.+Wiltberger,+18+U.S.+76+(1820)&hl=en&as_sdt=6,34">a case about manslaughter</a>
on the “high seas” that was not automatically applicably to rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%;">As with those issues, the Sixth Circuit reasoned, although bump stocks might be indistinguishable from automatic
weapons for practical purposes, "the relevant statutory scheme does not clearly
and unambiguously prohibit bump stocks." So, under the rule of lenity, the bump
stock holder wins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Concurring,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Bush">Judge Bush </a>said he would go further: In his view, the statute unambiguously does <i>not </i>apply to bump stocks, so there was no need to resort to the rule of lenity. Citing<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_E._Murphy"> Judge Murphy</a>’s opinion in </span><i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/21a0279p-06.pdf">Gun Owners of America</a></i><span>,
he argued ATF was never allowed to apply the machine gun ban to bump stocks
through agency ruling. He would have found that, under the statute as written, "the addition of a bump stock to a rifle
clearly does not make it a machinegun."</span></span></p>Benton Martin, E.D. Mich.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11409004080789068485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-36687484534351118042023-04-21T11:26:00.001-04:002023-04-21T11:26:24.029-04:00For Real or Makebelieve? Court Reverses Attempted Kidnapping Conviction Planned Over Social Media.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bjsn4aQCQdSR3_tXCNYNptx0SZv9qyrXrq8NV3At5YLeeKgb6w5gqmhSGj7otlGd-N3b4j6Z1xQ_kAR5l76YAo2KyPiLKkmF4v3aNllWzPYsIYrfoVaSe5KmMLpafh_VHcvVCks1WvO_KwmE4zt9uDL_GMsw6l-_-4eNot13IDKmHrpgiwI/s480/crazy-funny-tin-foil-hat-footage-136131967_iconl.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="480" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bjsn4aQCQdSR3_tXCNYNptx0SZv9qyrXrq8NV3At5YLeeKgb6w5gqmhSGj7otlGd-N3b4j6Z1xQ_kAR5l76YAo2KyPiLKkmF4v3aNllWzPYsIYrfoVaSe5KmMLpafh_VHcvVCks1WvO_KwmE4zt9uDL_GMsw6l-_-4eNot13IDKmHrpgiwI/s320/crazy-funny-tin-foil-hat-footage-136131967_iconl.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br />Social media is a double-edged sword. It provides a platform for people to connect and freely discuss a wide-variety of issues. On the other hand, such unfiltered discussion can lead to trouble. Such was the case for Christian Ferguson, a twenty-year old resident of Cleveland, Ohio, who led an online chatroom on Discord known as the "75th Spartans." A military enthusiast, Ferguson, through his moniker "Grinch75R", expressed his desire to create a militia group and stage a "revolt against tyranny." <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On March 18, 2020, Ferguson posted that he wanted to organize the Spartans into a group that would raid for supplies such as weapons and armor. Although it is unclear how many individuals participated in the Spartans Discord group, it had at least one other member: "SecretAgentRandyBeans." On April 7, 2020, Ferguson asked AgentBeans whether he could drive because he wanted to do a "small claim" with the cops and leave the Spartans' calling card, explaining he had not yet found any recruits for this venture. AgentBeans, who was only fourteen, said he could "kinda drive."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ferguson's postings aroused the suspicions of the federal government. Shortly after communicating with AgentBeans, an FBI confidential informant, known as "Guiness" asked to join the Spartan group, explaining he was a veteran of the United States Army. Ferguson ultimately added Guiness to the Spartan group chat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Guiness became actively involved in the Spartan group. On several occasions, he invited Ferguson to train with him for a potential strike. On April 28, 2020, Ferguson detailed, for the first time, his idea for a potential strike against the police, explaining he wished to call a patrol car to an "open location," after which his group would ambush the officer, subdue him, raid his cruiser for weapons, and then release him. In subsequent chats, Ferguson clarified his "plan" was not happening imminently, stating the group was still "laying out the groundwork" for the plan. Guiness continued training with Ferguson, secretly recording their interactions and his discussions about his plan, including his intention to have AgentBeans find a girl to call the police with a fake domestic violence claim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On May 5, 2020, Guiness suggested that the Spartans carry out their plan at an abandoned house in Cuyahoga Valley National Park (ahem...federal jurisdiction). In addition, Guniess suggested he, Ferguson, and a man named "Steve," who was an FBI informant, meet at the park the following Friday to conduct "recon."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As planned, the three men met the following Friday to conduct reconnaissance at the location. While there, Guiness suggested they conduct a "dry run" of the plan by calling the police and timing how long it would take the responding officers to arrive. Ferguson agreed, Guiness placed the call, and the three men waited in the woods for park rangers to arrive. Tipped off by Guiness's call, the rangers arrested Ferguson -- and staged a fake arrest of Guiness and Steve -- when they arrived. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ferguson's arrest led the Government to obtain a search warrant for his residence, pursuant to which it seized an AR-15, ammunition, magazines, tactical gear, and a guerilla warfare manual. The Government subsequently charged Ferguson with two counts of attempted kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1201(a)
and (d), and a jury convicted him after a two-day trial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a published <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0079p-06.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a>, the Court reversed Ferguson's conviction for insufficient evidence. According to the majority, the jury incorrectly found Ferguson attempted to kidnap police officers because his plan was "underdeveloped and "exploratory in nature...." Critically, the Court held that, unlike other attempt cases, Ferguson had no timeline for his plan or an intent to execute it imminently. It was also unclear whether Ferguson's plan involved kidnapping or robbery.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Government asserted Ferguson had, in fact, taken a "substantial step" because he: (a) provided verbal and visual descriptions of his idea in his Discord chats; (b) he supposedly purchased gear for the plan, including an AR-15; and (c) he, Guiness, and Steve visited the location. The Court rejected each of these arguments. First, it held Ferguson's discussions were merely "aspirational in nature" and that it is rare for a defendant to take a "substantial step" toward the commission of a crime through speech alone. The fact that Government agents seized gear from Ferguson's residence was similarly unavailing to the Court, noting Ferguson lawfully acquired his AR-15 before espousing his plan, and that the Government failed to establish when he acquired his remaining gear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court likewise rejected the Government's claim that traveling to Cuyahoga Valley National park constituted a "substantial step." Noting that Government agents selected the site and orchestrated Ferguson's "dry run," it held that it was not evidence Ferguson intended to kidnap police officers.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Judge Bush authored a lengthy dissenting opinion arguing that, although it was a close case, it was not impossible for a jury to believe Ferguson intended to kidnap a police officer, and that he took a "substantial step" toward doing so. According to Judge Bush, it was for the jury, not the Court, to determine whether Ferguson's plan was just "makebelieve," or whether it was real.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-90003236785307931232023-04-19T10:36:00.001-04:002023-04-19T10:36:18.331-04:00Not your average pill mill case: Court holds a physician's good faith belief is a defense under 21 U.S.C. § 841.<p style="text-align: justify;">Drug prosecutions involving physicians who are otherwise permitted to prescribe controlled substances present unique challenges for prosecutors and defense counsel. Defendant physicians frequently argue they were acting in good faith when they prescribed controlled substances to their patients. Unfortunately, recent Sixth Circuit caselaw made "good faith" defenses unavailable to such defendants. The Court, in its recently published opinion in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0073p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Anderson</a></i>, recognizes that recent caselaw from the United States Supreme Court changed changed the landscape in physician prosecutions. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dr. Roger Anderson was a licensed physician in Marietta, Ohio, who was authorized to prescribe controlled substances. According to federal investigators, Anderson prescribed controlled substances to many of his patients without a "legitimate medical purpose" over an approximately one-year period. In March 2019, a federal grand jury issued an indictment charging him with one count of conspiring to distribute controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, nine counts of unlawful distribution of controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), one count of conspiracy to commit healthcare fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, and three counts of healthcare fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">To prove Anderson wrote prescriptions without a "legitimate medial purpose," the Government enlisted the aid of dozens of witnesses, including Dr. Timothy King, who it sought expert testimony. Prior to his trial, the District Court rejected Anderson's <i>Daubert</i> challenge to the admission of Dr. King's testimony. Anderson then proceeded to trial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">During the District Court's charge conference, the Government objected to a proposed good faith instruction that would have instructed the jury to acquit Anderson if it found he "acted in accordance with what he believed to be proper medical practice." In objecting to the proposed instruction, the Government cited the Sixth Circuit's opinion in <i>United
States v. Godofsky</i>, 943 F.3d 1011 (6th Cir. 2019), which held that a physician’s “subjective good faith” was irrelevant in cases brought under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841. The District Court agreed, finding that <i>Godofsky</i> controlled and that, in any case, Anderson had not presented sufficient evidence regarding his own good faith. The jury subsequently convicted Anderson on all counts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On appeal, Anderson challenged not only the District Court's decision not to submit a good faith instruction to the jury, but he also challenged its decision to admit Dr. King's testimony and the sufficiency of the evidence against him. The Court affirmed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Addressing Anderson's claim regarding the good faith jury instruction, the Court noted that the United States Supreme Court's decision in <i>Ruan v. United States</i>, 142 S. Ct. 2370 (2022) -- issued after briefing had concluded in the case -- abrogated <i>Godofsky </i>and made defendant's "subjective good faith" relevant to charges against physicians under § 841(a). This did not affect the outcome in Anderson's case, however, because the Court held the District Court's instructions complied with <i>Ruan</i> because they referred to the defendant's knowledge, his or her deliberate ignorance, and whether the defendant knew the prescriptions were dispensed illegitimately. The instructions, the Court concluded, thus encompassed a defendant's good faith.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court next addressed Anderson's argument that the District Court abused its discretion in admitting Dr. King's testimony. Specifically, Anderson argued the District Court erred because Dr. King did not disclose his methodology in his reports, that his methodology had not been peer reviewed, and that his expert opinion was "scientific guesswork." The Court rejected each of these arguments, noting the record supported the District Court's findings regarding the reliability of Dr. King's testimony.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally, Anderson challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, arguing the evidence showed he committed "mere malpractice," and, at worst, "sloppy documentation", and that he prescribed controlled substances to treat what he believed were legitimate medical complaints. The District Court rejected these arguments, holding the Government presented sufficient evidence Anderson did not have a "legitimate medical purpose" for prescribing the controlled substances at issue in the case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Court also rejected Anderson's challenge to his conviction for health care fraud. Specifically, Anderson argued the evidence was insufficient because he did not directly bill Medicare and Medicaid, he did not know who paid the prescriptions, and because he did not personally profit from the prescription reimbursements. The Court held it was not necessary for the Government to prove Anderson personally billed Medicare or Medicaid, and that, regardless, the Government proved he knew both programs paid for the prescriptions. Finally, the Court held it was not necessary for the Government to prove Anderson profited from his scheme. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Judge Helene White issued an opinion concurring in part but dissenting in that portion of the majority opinion concluding the District Court's jury instructions comported with <i>Ruan</i>. Judge White argued the District Court should have submitted Anderson's good faith instruction to the jury.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-17967220925571285712023-04-18T10:41:00.004-04:002023-04-18T10:41:50.189-04:00When is an injury "permanent" under the Guidelines?<p> </p><p>When is an injury "permanent" or "life-threatening" under the United States Sentencing Guidelines? The Court provides some additional guidance in its published opinion in <i><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0074p-06.pdf" target="_blank">United States v. Medlin</a></i>.</p><p>In April 2017, Nigel Medlin and three co-conspirators kidnapped T.F. and two other victims based on a dispute over a stolen vehicle. After transporting T.F. to a fourth co-conspirator's home, they assaulted him by, among other things, using a heated piece of metal to burn and scar his shoulder and by pulling and breaking several of his teeth. Medlin and his co-conspirators released the three victims only after threatening them with death if they reported the assault.</p><p>A federal grand jury subsequently indicted Medlin and his co-conspirators for one count of
kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1) and one count of brandishing, using, and
carrying a firearm during a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Medlin subsequently pleaded guilty to the kidnapping charge. </p><p>In his PSR, the United States Probation Office recommended the District Court enhance his base offense level under the Guidelines by four levels pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 2A4.1(b)(2)(A), which applies “[i]f the victim sustained permanent or life-threatening bodily
injur[ies]....” It argued the enhancement applied because T.F. lost teeth and suffered permanent scarring on his face due to the assault committed by Medlin and his co-conspirators. </p><p>Medlin objected to this enhancement, arguing T.F.'s injuries did not constitute "permanent or life-threatening body" injuries because they did not fit the definition of the term set out in the Guidelines' commentary. In addition, he argued the commentary definitions unlawfully expanded upon the Guidelines provision, thus, preventing the District Court from enhancing his sentence. </p><p>Adopting the PSR in full, the District Court denied Medlin's objections and concluded the Guidelines recommended a sentencing range of 210 to 262 months' imprisonment based on an adjusted offense level of 35 and a criminal history category III. It then sentenced Medlin to 220 months imprisonment. Medlin appealed his sentence, arguing it was procedurally unreasonable because the District Court erred in applying the four-level enhancement found in U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(2)(A), and because it created an unreasonable disparity between his sentence and those of his co-defendants.</p><p>The Court rejected Medlin's arguments. It first held that U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(2)(A) was not ambiguous -- thus negating any need to refer to the commentary -- and applied where an an injury was permanent, <i>i.e.</i> where the affected area was "forever changed without the ability to return to what it once was...", or where it was "so serious as to actually threaten the victim's life...." Applying this definition, the Court held the District Court correctly applied the enhancement because T.F. suffered permanent injuries because his teeth and face would never return to their original conditions. Even if the enhancement was ambiguous, however, the Court held the relevant commentary would fall within any "zone of ambiguity" that existed, and that the commentary encompassed T.F.'s injuries. </p><p>The Court also rejected Medlin's argument that the victim's injuries were not permanent because they could heal either naturally or with assistance, such as through surgery or teeth implants. Not so, said the Court. A "permanent injury," the Court held, was one that could not heal and return to its "original form" over time. Thus, since the victim could never get his original teeth back, and because he would have permanent scarring, his injuries were "permanent" under U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(2)(A).</p><p>Rejecting Medlin's remaining argument regarding the disparity between his sentence and those received by his co-defendants, the Court held his sentence was procedurally reasonable. Thus, it affirmed his sentence.</p><p><br /></p>Ben Allenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03787376482909756861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-1341495560074880412023-04-09T23:25:00.000-04:002023-04-09T23:25:35.971-04:00Two set of brothers, two different First Step Act results <p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; caret-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); color: #212121; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">In <a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0059p-06.pdf" target="_blank"><i>United States v. Domenech</i>,</a> the Sixth Circuit added to its growing set of First Step Act opinions. There, two brothers again appealed the denial of their motions for sentence reductions under the First Step Act. The Sixth Circuit remanded for reconsideration–and granted reassignment to a new judge. </p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; caret-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); color: #212121; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">This appeal was the second for the brothers. In their first round, the Sixth Circuit remanded because the district court failed to treat their reduced guidelines ranges as its initial benchmark. After that remand, the brothers re-briefed the issues and raised arguments about nonretroactive changes to the law. They were again denied, with the district court district court retaining their sentences, relying on the same justifications. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit remanded again, holding that under <i>Concepcion v. United States</i>, 142 S. Ct. 2389 (2022), the court failed to “consider and reason through” all reasonable arguments, including those about nonretroactive changes to the law. Because the district court had repeated its error, the Court granted the brothers’ request for reassignment, a rare remedy. </p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; caret-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); color: #212121; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Just a few weeks earlier, a different set of brothers raising a similar argument received a different result. In <i>United States v. Woods</i>, 61 F.4th 471 (6th Cir. 2023), the court denied the Woods brothers’ First Step Act appeals. Although the district court relied on the erroneous conclusion that they were career offenders, the issue wasn’t preserved and didn’t rise to the level of manifest injustice. </p><p><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;" /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9419566.post-62315093451290374762023-01-27T17:52:00.000-05:002023-01-27T17:52:35.269-05:00<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Firearm Enhancements and Double Counting</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></p>
<p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States v. Hitch</i>, --- F.4th --- (6th Cir. 2023),</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0013p-06.pdf">https://www.opn.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/23a0013p-06.pdf</a>
the defendant,</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">James
Hitch, pleaded guilty to the theft of multiple firearms from a federally
licensed firearms dealer (18 U.S.C. § 922(u)) and being a felon in possession
of a firearm (§ 922(g)(1)). The parties agreed to an enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)) because Mr. Hitch possessed a firearm in connection with
another felony but they reserved the right to argue for or against an enhancement
under § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A)) for the number of stolen firearms. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The PSR recommended
grouping the counts together and that the district court apply the §
2K2.1(b)(6)(B) and the § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) enhancements. The possession count had
the higher offense level and thus determined the base offense level under §
2K2.1(a)(6)(A). The district court overruled Mr. Hitch’s objection that application
of the two enhancements amounted to double counting. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Sixth
Circuit affirmed. Mr. Hitch argued on appeal that double counting occurred because
the enhancements were based on the same conduct. The court, however, concluded
that the § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) enhancement punished Mr. Hitch for possession of the stolen
guns while the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement punished him for stealing the guns.
The court found no error because two sentencing enhancements can be imposed for
the same conduct if they punish “distinct aspects” of the conduct. Slip Op. at 3.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Hitch also
argued that he not only pleaded guilty to the possession count (§ 922(g)(1)) but
also to the theft count (§ 922(u)). The Sixth Circuit considered this to be “a
second double-counting argument which relied “on the false premise that the §
922(u) count increased the base offense level in the first instance <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i> through the § 922(u) conduct-related
enhancements.” Slip Op. at 4. (Emphasis original). The court recognized that there
“are instances in which multiple counts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">do</i>
increase a defendant’s offense level, and those instances could arguably result
in double counting if enhancements were applied based on the same behavior.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. But here, as a result of grouping, the
offense level was based on the possession count. The base offense level was not
increased because of the § 922(u) conviction, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">i.e.,</i> “there was no multiple-count adjustment” and no double
counting.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Frank Hefthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08079407891220665026noreply@blogger.com0